Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in source - separated urine 1 and faeces by ammonia at ambient temperatures

9 Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant 10 nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in 11 source-separated urine without additives and in human faeces to which urea had been added, in order to 12 evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilisers from human excreta. Urine was 13 used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap-water at 4, 14, 24 and 34°C. Faecal material, with and 14 without ash, was treated with 1% or 2% (w/w) urea at 24 and 34°C. At 34°C eggs were inactivated in 15 less than 10 days in urine and in amended faeces. At 24°C only faeces with 2% (w/w) urea or 1% (w/w) 16 urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month and no inactivation was observed after 75 days 17 in urine diluted 1:3 (18±11 mM NH3). At temperatures of ≥24°C, NH3 proved to be an efficient 18 sanitising agent in urine and faeces at concentrations ≥60 mM. Treating faecal material at 34oC can give 19 AC CE TE D Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.01250-08 AEM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 5 December 2008 on S etem er 2, 2017 by gest ht://aem .sm .rg/ D ow nladed fom